Do you suffer from an overactive inner critic? Do you have unproductive or self-defeating behaviours that you would like to change? Do you suffer from inner conflicts?

Perhaps the key to change lies in understanding that we have parts or sub-personalities, which drive such undesired behaviours. In this article you will learn what types of parts or sub-personalities exist and how to work with them to release trauma and facilitate personal transformation.

What are Parts / Sub-personalities?

Inner parts refer to distinct aspects of our psyche that shape our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. They are distinct characters within us, each with its own unique perspective, desires and needs as well as emotions, thoughts and behaviours. This contributes to the complexity of our personality.

Having different parts of our personality is normal and healthy – it allows us to operate effectively in different roles and contexts and be flexible. However as a result of unprocessed trauma they can become inflexible or develop problematic behaviours. Maybe certain emotions or experiences are avoided or inflexible defences or coping mechanisms are used.

Furthermore there may be conflicts between different parts. While one part likes do go into one direction there may be other parts who do not like this behaviour – they then act as an opponent or inner critic.

Having different parts of our personality is a normal and healthy – However, unresolved trauma can lead to problematic parts.

Symptoms of Problematic Parts

When an inner part becomes active it may temporarily dominate our thoughts, emotions, and actions and kind of takes over our experience. This can manifest through various symptoms, including unwanted behaviours, self-sabotaging behaviours, internal conflicts, recurring patterns and intense emotional reactions.

• If there is unwanted behaviour there is kind of a sequential conflict within us – i.e. one part drives the bevaviour and another part (an inner critic) criticises us afterwards.
  • For example, the “inner critic” part, when active, can lead to self-doubt, harsh self-judgment, and a constant need for perfection. This critical inner voice can significantly impact our self-esteem and inhibit our ability to embrace vulnerability and take risks.
  • Self-sabotage refers to behaviours and actions that undermine our own well-being or success. When a part carries unresolved pain or negative beliefs, it may engage in self-sabotaging patterns such as procrastination or self-destructive behaviours or undermine our achievements.
• Other Internal conflicts arise when different parts of us simultaneously hold opposing beliefs, desires, or perspectives.
  • These conflicts can create a sense of inner turmoil and indecisiveness, they can create contradictory emotions and make it challenging to find a harmonious balance.
  • For example, one part might be driven by the desire for security and stability, while another part seeks adventure and novelty.

Recognizing these symptoms and the parts behind them gives us insight into our inner dynamic. This awareness is an important step towards healing wounded parts and integrating different aspects of ourselves.

Trauma and Inner Fragmentation

During traumatic events, mind and body react instinctively to protect ourselves and survive. The intensity of these events often makes it challenging to integrate all aspects of the experience, leading to the fragmentation of the inner experience.

Inner parts emerge as a reaction to the traumatic experience and an adaptive responses to deal with the imprints of the trauma. In this way, the integrated self may split into different parts as a result of insufficiently landed shock trauma.Moreover, when landing from the trauma, we may unconsciously make important life decisions, often driven by beliefs like “this must never happen to me again” or “I will avoid it under all circumstances.” Such decisions can significantly influence our future lives.

After the self has processed the trauma as best as possible, the resulting parts try, almost on autopilot, to protect the individual from further harm.

Both shock and developmental trauma may lead to the creation of different categories of parts:

• Traumatized Parts carry the overwhelming, unprocessed emotions of traumatic experiences within them – Here one finds for example, the wounded Inner Child.
• Functional Parts protect us against falling into the trauma with (fairly) functional behaviours.
• Difficult Parts protect us against the traumatized emotions with drastic or problematic behaviour.

At the same time there is a healthy self, or a healthy essence, which is unaffected by trauma

• The components of the Healthy Core (Healthy Adult Self, Inner Essence & Higher Consciousness) remain unaffected by trauma or can contribute to development beyond the traumatic experiences.

Personality parts can develop as a reaction to traumatic experiences. Goal of therapy is working towards healing, integration and wholeness.

The Internal System of Parts

Our inner parts form a complex system within our psyche. Understanding the internal dynamic and different roles that parts play enables transformation of stored trauma.

The Healthy Core – Healthy Adult Self, Inner Essence & Higher Consciousness

The healthy core of our personality consists of the Healthy Adult Self, the Inner Essence, and the Higher Consciousness.

• The Healthy Adult Self is the integrated, mature core of our psyche that observes and engages inner experiences with compassion, curiosity, and discernment. As an inner leader, it stays grounded, emotionally regulated, and skilled at balanced decision-making. It connects our internal world to external reality, creating a safe, empathetic space where all parts can be acknowledged, heard, and healed.
• The Inner Essence is the innate, unconditioned core of our being. It is our psychological wholeness beneath layers of adaptation and wounds. It embodies natural vitality, authenticity, and the inherent capacity for connection and repair. It offers an enduring source of calm, creativity, and resilience, accessible through awareness and self-compassion. In the context of PTSD / C-PTSD it can be understood as the part which was untouched by trauma or the part which ensured survival despite trauma (through innate survival instincts).
• The Higher Consciousness is the transpersonal dimension of our self. It is our link to universal wisdom, love, and guidance. It includes intuition, insight, and a transcendent sense of meaning and spiritual purpose beyond the ego. Like the Healthy Essence, it remains undamaged by trauma. Reconnecting with it deepens healing and fosters belonging to a greater whole.

The goal in therapy is to cultivate an strengthen our Healthy Adult Self, build a connection to our Healthy Essence and connect to our Higher Consciousness.

By facilitating a compassionate dialogue between the parts, integration and healing can be achieved. For example, the Healthy Adult Self can provide guidance and support to our inner parts, helping them heal, integrate, and work collaboratively towards our overall well-being. Integrating the Healthy Essence can be a source of growth through integration of the traumatic experience. The Higher Consciousness can access our unconscious potential and build a bridge to spiritual insights.

The Healthy Adult Self can support the other parts towards exploration and dialogue. Integrating Inner Essence and the Higher Consciousness are important steps towards inner alignment and transformative growth.

Functional Parts – Managers & Protectors

Functional parts are those parts that remain functional after trauma and actively control our lives. They act as proactive, actionable managers and protectors and ensure that we remain safe. Richard Schwartz calls these parts “managers” because they work tirelessly to keep life organized, controlled, and safe by preventing situations that might trigger pain.

However, because they are also the result of trauma, their behaviour can be accompanied by a certain inflexibility. Their behavior can become “exaggerated”. Undesirable behaviours and a lack of flexibility can lead to avoidance of emotions and problems in dealing with ourselves and others:

• These parts may strive for perfection, work tirelessly, and try to maintain control over aspect of our lives.
• They may set high standards, push us to achieve, and fear the consequences of failure. Their intention is to keep us safe by staying in control.
• They can be overly controlling, they may be emotionally detached, vigilant and hyper-vigilant, constantly scanning the environment for potential dangers

While these type of “functional” behaviours may provide a reasonable sense of safety and normality, they usually do not address the underlying causes of distress nor do they promote long-term healing. At the same time there is a danger that these “functional” behaviours become more exaggerated, rigid and restrictive over time, rendering them to become “difficult”.

Functional Parts – Managers & Protectors

Functional parts appear healthy. However, their scope for action is limited by the avoidance of the trauma.

• Functional and proactive – actively managing life to ensure safety.
• Often perfectionistic, overly responsible, and controlling.
• May suppress or avoid emotions to maintain stability.
• Provide a sense of normality, without resolving underlying wounds.
• Can become rigid, inflexible, and hyper-vigilant over time.

Difficult Parts – Carrying Symptom Behaviours

These are the parts, which carry the symptom by reacting automatically to triggers. They are often perceived as creating problems. They are the least flexible and the least consciously controllable. They do not appear as constructive to us, and what is more, the resulting behaviour often harms ourselves and others. As a consequence, we often reject these parts.

These parts are the result of unresolved trauma. They become activate in response to a trigger, e.g. distressing emotions or situations. Their primary objective is to provide immediate relief and protection. They are working to distract from, extinguish or numb overwhelming feelings, aiming to provide immediate relief and protection. Richard Schwartz calls these parts “firefighters” because they will do everything they can to extinguish fires and neutralize threats.

However, the behaviour of these parts can be impulsive or harmful, such as engaging in addictive behaviours or self-destructive patterns. It is important to note that while their intentions are positive, their behavioural strategies can be problematic.

Some examples of how these parts may operate include:

• Avoidance / Escape. These strategies are designed to leave the distressing situation as fast as possible. They represent the “flight” behaviour from unresolved trauma.
  • Distraction – Changing the topic in charged conversations
  • Physical withdrawal / self-isolation
  • Internal withdrawal / dissociation – becoming emotionally numb and dissociated.
• Harming Others: These strategies are harmful to others, e.g. lashing out verbally or even physical violence. They represent the “fight” behaviour from unresolved trauma. These strategies damage relationships and may be dangerous to the individual oneself.
  • Blaming behaviour
  • Being prone to verbal abuse & altercations
  • Being prone to physical violence & fights
• Addictive and Distractive Behaviours: These strategy are designed to avoid and distract from overwhelming emotions by strong behaviours.
  • Addictive behaviours, such as substance abuse, excessive consumption of food, or compulsive working, are designed to distract from or provide temporarily relief from distressing emotions.
  • Self-destructive patterns, such as self-harm or risky behaviours, can be a way to distract from overwhelming feelings or to gain back a sense of control over one’s own experience.

While these type of behaviours may provide temporary relief, they do not address the underlying causes of distress or promote long-term healing. Often more problems are created. Relying on these strategies can perpetuate a cycle of avoidance and prevent individuals from engaging in more constructive and transformative ways of working through difficult emotions. At the same time, the obvious harmful effects of this behaviour often motivate people to seek help or address underlying problems.

Difficult Parts & Symptom Behaviours

Difficult parts react automatically and impulsively to triggers of unresolved trauma. Therefore, they can contribute to distress and a desire for change.

• Aim to protect through immediate relief (distraction, avoidance, numbing).
• Reactions may be impulsive, harmful, or self-destructive (e.g., addictions, lashing out, self-harm).
• Represent survival strategies like “fight”, “flight” or “distraction”.
• Behaviour can damage relationships and reinforce cycles of avoidance.

Traumatised Parts – Dissociated Experiences

These are the parts of us that hold the deep and often painful memories, emotions, and beliefs related to past traumatic experiences. As a result, this is a place where unconsciously we do not want to go – hence these parts are often dissociated from conscious experience and memory. Richard Schwartz calls these parts “exiles” because they are pushed away from awareness to protect the system from overwhelming pain.

These traumatized parts carry the pain, vulnerability, and unresolved wounds that have been pushed away from our conscious awareness. Emotionally, they often hold deep sadness, fear, shame, or grief. They can manifest as feelings of unworthiness, self-blame, or a sense of being broken. This can lead to deep withdrawal and giving-up.

The Functional Parts (managers / protectors) protect and safeguard the Traumatised Parts as best as possible by engaging in productive, but sometimes controlling behaviours. Failing that the Difficult Parts step in as firefighters and first responders and do everything possible to distract us or react to the situation.

Traumatised Parts – Dissociated Experiences

Traumatized parts hold painful, unresolved memories and emotions (fear, grief, shame, unworthiness). During therapy, working with traumatised parts requires a particularly compassionate space.

• Often dissociated from conscious awareness to protect from overwhelming pain.
• Vulnerable, withdrawn, and deeply wounded.
• Protected by Functional Parts (control, avoidance) and / or Difficult Parts (distraction, numbing).
• Central to deep healing work; require safety, compassion, and integration in therapy.

Body Psychotherapy & Working with Parts

Process in Psychotherapie

During the therapeutic work, we realize that all parts of us have positive intentions and aim to protect us. However, the methods used by the parts may not be helpful or may be outright problematic. In addition, parts often contain important skills, competencies and resources.

Each of our part holds resources and has a positive intention for us.

It is crucial to develop an understanding of the needs and intentions of the various parts. By exploring the emotions and experiences that trigger their activation, healthier and more effective coping mechanisms can be discovered.

For this process both client and therapist align ourselves with the Healthy Adult part of the client to engage in productive dialogue with the other parts. This gradually unveils the potential of the Healthy Adult part. This allows us to congruently move towards more sustainable solutions.

Engaging with our inner parts involves developing an awareness of their presence and learning to listen to their voices. This involves working with these parts through imagination and dialogue. Through this process, we can begin to establish a relationship with each part, gaining insights into their intentions, fears, and desires. By approaching these parts with compassion and curiosity, we create a safe space for them to express themselves, ultimately facilitating integration and harmony within our psyche.

Working with the Body

However, working with parts is not just a mental process. It is also a somatic process, where we make sure to explore difficult parts somatically. Even more important is to associate somatically with resources and competences. This includes exploring emotions and body sensations associated with these parts, helping us gain valuable insights into their behaviour and impact on our well-being.

Body psychotherapy provides a safe space to explore the somatic aspects of parts. This enables working with parts which have been shaped or split-off by traumatic experiences.

During body oriented trauma therapy, traumatic experiences can be processed and metabolised, so that the traumatic charge carried by traumatized parts is resolved. Strong emotions can be worked through. Excessive activations and automatic triggers can be disentangled. Undercoupled, numbed or disconnected aspects of the traumatic experience can be brought into awareness.

By actively engaging with and integrating our inner parts, we foster a deeper connection within ourselves, and facilitate the integration of fragmented aspects of traumatic experiences.

Author: Volker Dammann

Updated: Oct 9, 2025